Types of Molds and Harm They Cause

Jun 18, 2018 by

Types of Molds and Harm They Cause

There are over 100,000 mold species, some more harmful than others. Mold spores are less than 4 microns in size. They are so small that as many as 250,000 spores can fit onto the head of a pin. If mold is growing in your home, in one minute your lungs can breathe in over 700,000 of these spores!

Mold Growth

Mold infestation may be obvious, or it can be hidden in places like behind walls and underneath appliances or carpet pads. Family members often become sick from exposure to mold spores before a mold problem is even suspected.

COMMON HOUSEHOLD MOLDS

Cladosporium (Hormodendrum sp.)

This is the most commonly identified outdoor fungus. It is a common allergen. Indoor Cladosporium sp. may be different than the species identified outdoors. It is commonly found on the surface of fiberglass duct liner in the interior of supply ducts. It can cause mycosis. A common cause of extrinsic asthma (immediate-type hypersensitivity: type I), acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms. Chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema.

Penicillium

Identification to species is difficult. Often found in aerosol samples, and commonly found in soil, food, cellulose, and grains, as well as paint and compost piles. It may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals. It is reported to be allergenic to the skin. It is commonly found in carpet, wallpaper, and in interior fiberglass duct insulation. Some species can produce mycotoxins. A common cause of extrinsic asthma. Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms, chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema.

Aspergillus

A genus of fungi containing approximately 150 recognized species. Members of this genus have been recovered from a variety of habitats, some species are parasitic on insects, plants and animals, including man. Various Aspergillus species are a common cause of extrinsic asthma. Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms, and a variety of opportunistic infections of the ears and eyes. Chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema, and severe pulmonary infections may also occur. Many species produce mycotoxins which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. Toxin production is dependent on the species or a strain within a species and on the food source for the fungus. Some of these toxins have been found to be carcinogenic in animal species, and several toxins are considered potential human carcinogens.

Alternaria

Alternaria is very widespread and common. It is often found in carpets, textiles, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors, and is common on window frames. The species Alternaria alternata is capable of producing tenuazonic acid and other toxic metabolites which may be associated with disease in humans or animals. It has been associated with hypersensitivity pneumoniti, sinusitis, deratomycosis, onychomycosis, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, and invasive infection. Common cause of extrinsic asthma. Acute symptoms include edema and bronchiospasms, and chronic cases may develop pulmonary emphysema.

Mucor

Often found in soil, dead plant material, horse dung, fruits, and fruit juice; it is also found in leather, meat, dairy products, animal hair, and jute. May be allergenic. May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye, and skin. Infection may have multiple sites.

TOXIC MOLDS

There are two types of black mold that are normally less common but are considered very serious health hazards. Molds that are capable of generating toxins (called “toxigenic mold”) do not always produce them in every situation. Scientists believe that certain very specific conditions must be present for a toxigenic mold to actually produce toxins, such as the right combination of temperature, moisture, type of material the mold is growing on and, perhaps, competition from other microorganisms.

Stachybotrys

Stachybotrys chartarum is a fungus that has become well known as a mycotoxin producer that can cause animal and human mycotoxicosis. Evidence has accumulated showing this fungus as a serious problem in homes and buildings and one of the causes of the “sick building syndrome.”

This is one of many types of black mold that may grow on water-damaged building materials. This mold requires a lot of water or moisture to grow, and it only grows on materials with high fiber and low nitrogen content, such as wallpaper and the paper covering of wallboard (sheetrock), wood , or jute such as is frequently used for the backing of older carpets. Areas with relative humidity above 55% and are subject to temperature fluctuations are ideal for toxin production. This mold does not grow on shower tile or plastic. In the outdoor environment it is found in soil, rotting hay and leaf debris.

This mold, among others, may produce mycotoxins – chemicals that discourage growth of other microorganisms and that may also cause health problems in people. In recent years toxic molds have been front page stories in newspapers and on television shows all over the world. The fungus has led to multi-million dollar litigations and caused serious problems for schools, homeowners and building managers who have had to deal with the consequences of this problem.

Individuals with chronic exposure to the toxin produced by this fungus reported cold and flu symptoms, sore throats, diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis, intermittent local hair loss, and generalized malaise. The toxins produced by this fungus will suppress the immune system affecting the lymphoid tissue and the bone marrow. Animals injected with the toxin from this fungus exhibited the following symptoms: necrosis and hemorrhage within the brain, thymus, spleen, intestine, lung, heart, lymph node, liver, and kidney. The mycotoxin is also reported to be a liver and kidney carcinogen. Illnesses caused by absorption of the toxin in the human lung are known as pneumomycosis.

Memnoniella

Memnoniella echinata is particularly toxic and irritating. It’s considered a member of the Stachybotrys family but unlike Stachybotrys chartarum, a sticky spore that tends to stay in its place, M. echinata is easily airborne and is often found in the air when it’s growing in the building. It’s actually more of a problem than its famous brother, Stachybotrys.

Toxic mold such as Stachybotrys and Memnoniella need water-soaked wood, paper, and cotton products to grow.

These mold types may appear slimy when wet – with white edges. When dry they are powdery, and hence can easily become airborne. The presence of black mold does not necessarily mean Stachybotrys mold is present, but some experts believe that from thirty to fifty percent of all homes and buildings may have some level of Stachybotrys infestation, even without flooding and other catastrophic problems. They are Serious problems in areas where homes have been flooded, and particularly in the warm southern states after the hurricanes and other summer storms.

Dr. Eckardt Johanning, an environmental health specialist at New York’s Mount Sinai Medical Center, has found that black mold toxins can cause mood changes, memory loss, and immune dysfunction, besides sore throats, headaches, upper and lower respiratory ailments, dermatitis, eye irritation and general tiredness. In 1999, the Kansas City Star quoted Susan Flappan saying, “I think it’s a missing link to a lot of questions we’ve had. We’ve had patients go from doctor to doctor without any explanation of what is wrong. Once they get rid of the Stachybotrys problem, their life gets better.”

Though scientists don’t understand all the effects of black mold, Sidney Efross of the EPA in San Francisco says, “There’s probably nothing we can call a safe level” of Stachybotrys.

You cannot determine the mold genera and species just by looking at it on the wall or even with a do-it-yourself mold test kit. For small mold problems, use bleach, soap and water instead. For larger problems hire an expert to survey your home, or send your own mold sample to a competent testing laboratory. The services of an experienced mycologist or aerobiologist are necessary to know what you’ve got.

If you suspect that you may be dealing with a toxic mold you should vacate the premises and have a professionals remove the mold before anyone comes back into the house. You can get quite ill yourself if you inhale a large quantity of the fungal dust or get it on your skin.

Next: Who Is Most Vulnerable to Illness from Molds

read more

Related Posts

Tags

Share This

History of Mold and Man

Jun 7, 2018 by

History of Mold and Man

Since Biblical times it has been known that indoor mold growth can be a health hazard:
Leviticus 14:39-47. “On the seventh day the priest shall return to inspect the house. If the mildew has spread on the walls, he is to order that the contaminated stones be torn out and thrown into an unclean place outside the town. If the mildew reappears in the house after the stones have been torn out and the house is scraped and plastered, it is a destructive mildew and the house is unclean. It must be torn down – its stones, timbers and all the plaster – and taken out of town.”

Image: Rooms that are not well ventilated, or rooms exposed to the weather in humid climates, can be overrun by mold in a short time.

Several times throughout history mold has been identified as the cause behind the mysterious deaths of farm animals.

Stachybotrys chartarum was found growing on wet grain used for animal feed, and the resulting toxins poisoned the animals. Today, the agriculture industry keeps a close eye on mold and mycotoxin levels in grains to prevent the contamination of animal feed and human food supplies.

Stachybotrys chartarum is a fungus that has become notorious as a mycotoxin producer that can cause animal and human mycotoxicosis. Over the past 15 years in North America, evidence has accumulated implicating this fungus as a serious problem in homes and buildings and one of the causes of the “sick building syndrome.” In 1993-1994, there was an unusual outbreak of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, where researchers found S. chartarum growing in the homes of the sick infants. This incident increased the awareness of home/building molds and brought this fungus to the immediate attention of the medical community. In recent years there has been a cascade of reports about toxic molds in the national media.

The New York Times Magazine, August 12, 2001, ran a front page story on toxic mold. Newspaper articles (Fig. 1) such as “Fungus in ‘Sick’ Building” (New York Times, May 5, 1996) or “Mold in schools forces removal of Forks kids” (Fargo Forum, June 1997) are eye-catching news items. The nationally syndicated comic strip Rex Morgan ran a series on Stachybotrys, and television news shows have run entire programs on Stachybotrys contamination of homes. The fungus has resulted in multimillion dollar litigations and caused serious problems for homeowners and building managers who must deal with the human issues and remediation.

In the 1970s, building construction techniques changed in response energy crises, and homes and commercial buildings became more air-tight. At the same time, cheaper materials such as drywall moved into common use. This combination of increased moisture because of higher humidity and suitable surfaces for mold growth led to an increase in mold indoors.

The recent increase in serious storms and flooding has increased the danger greatly, and some health experts have even predicted a large number of deaths among those of the threatened population with suppressed immune systems.

Molds and fungi growing inside buildings may be the source of indoor air-quality problems known as the “sick building syndrome.” While the syndrome has been blamed on a variety of causes, from the emissions of particleboard partitions and paints to carpets and cleaning supplies, Georgia Tech research has found that metabolic gases emitted from molds and fungi may be a significant source of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can cause indoor air-quality problems. The new research suggests that control measures prescribed for sick buildings may need to be altered to address microbial problems as well as building materials.

Next : Types of Mold and the Harm They Cause

read more

Related Posts

Tags

Share This

What Is Mold?

Jun 7, 2018 by

What Is Mold?

The term mold is the common name that refers to any growing fungus. This includes fungi such as mushrooms and yeasts. When found on clothing or other household goods, it is often referred to as mildew.

Image: Mold in house walls.

Molds produce tiny spores to reproduce. Mold spores waft through the indoor and outdoor air continually. When mold spores land on a damp spot indoors, they may begin growing and digesting whatever they are growing on in order to survive. There are molds that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, and foods.

Molds are everywhere in nature, but mold spores in your home, a common component of household dust, can make you, your family members, and/or your pets very sick. And because mold is so common, and the spores are too small to be seen with the naked eye, they are often missed when you and your doctor search for the cause of illness.

Molds typically grow in buildings affected by water damage and have been found in homes, hospitals, schools, and office buildings. It is estimated that about 50 to l00 common indoor mold types have the potential for creating health problems. Exposure to mold has been identified as a potential cause of many health problems including asthma, sinusitis, and infections. It is also believed that molds play a major role in cases of sick building syndrome and related illnesses.

Mold colors may be white, gray, black, brown, yellow or greenish, or a combination of these. Colonies of mold may appear cottony, velvety, granular, leathery and glassy.

“Toxic Mold” is often used to refer to these indoor air quality problems caused by mold spores. Mold-related illness can strike anyone, but at particular high risk are:

Infants
Pregnant women
Elderly people
Asthma suffers
Diabetics
Those who already have respiratory disorders
People with disorders which compromise the immune system
Some Common Mold-Related Symptoms:
Allergic reactions
Asthma attacks
Increased susceptibility to colds and flu
Sinus infections
Under the right conditions, some species of molds generate molecular compounds called mycotoxins. In large quantities or with chronic exposure, mycotoxins can be toxic to humans or animals, causing allergies or even death. We will discuss this in detain on later pages…

Next : History of Mold and Man

read more

Related Posts

Tags

Share This